Civil Service Exam Reviewer · Logical Reasoning · medium

Consider the statement: "If Ben submits the report late, then Ben receives a memo." Suppose it is true that Ben does not receive a memo. Which conclusion necessarily follows?

  1. Ben submits the report late.
  2. Ben receives a memo.
  3. No definite conclusion can be drawn.
  4. Ben does not submit the report late.

Answer

D. Ben does not submit the report late.

Solution

If Ben submits the report late, then Ben receives a memo would follow. But Ben does not receive a memo, so it cannot be that Ben submits the report late. Therefore, Ben does not submit the report late. (This is modus tollens.)

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