Civil Service Exam Reviewer · Reading Comprehension · hard

Sunlight Is Not Enough

Governments around the world, including the Philippines, have embraced "open data": publishing budgets, contracts, and statistics online in formats anyone can download. The promise is that sunlight will discipline officials. If citizens can see how much a road cost and who built it, the reasoning goes, overpricing and favoritism become harder to hide. Experience has tempered this optimism. Publishing data is not the same as making it understandable. Thousands of spreadsheets posted without explanation may satisfy a transparency requirement while revealing little to the average citizen, who has neither the time nor the training to analyze them. Data can also be incomplete or late, and an agency can technically comply with disclosure rules while omitting the information that would matter most. Transparency becomes powerful only when someone uses it: journalists who trace contracts, civil-society groups who compare prices across regions, auditors who follow up on anomalies, and courts or legislatures that act on what is found. Open data, in other words, is a tool rather than a solution. Its value depends on a community of users and on institutions willing to respond to what those users uncover.

The sentence "Experience has tempered this optimism" means that

  1. experience has made people more optimistic
  2. the promise was proven completely false
  3. people have forgotten what was promised
  4. practice has made people less confident in the promise of open data

Answer

D. practice has made people less confident in the promise of open data

Solution

To temper is to moderate; experience made the optimism more measured.

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